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The soldier caste has anatomical and behavioural specialisations, and their sole purpose is to defend the colony. Many soldiers have large heads with highly altered strong jaws so enlarged they cannot feed themselves. Instead, like juveniles, they are fed by employees.5556 Fontanelles, easy holes in the eyebrow that exude defensive secretions, are a feature of their family Rhinotermitidae.57 Many species have been readily identified using the characteristics of the soldiers' bigger and darker head and massive mandibles.53 Among certain termites, soldiers may use their globular (phragmotic) heads to block their narrow tunnels.58 Different sorts of soldiers include minor and significant soldiers, and nasutes, that have a horn-like nozzle frontal projection (a nasus).53 These unique soldiers can spray noxious, sticky secretions containing diterpenes at their enemies.59 Nitrogen fixation has an important role in nasute nutrition.60.

The reproductive caste of a mature colony includes a fertile female and man, known as the queen and king.61 The queen of the colony is responsible for egg production for the colony. Unlike in ants, the king mates with her for life.62 In certain species, the abdomen of the queen swells up radically to increase fecundity, a feature known as physogastrism.61 Depending on the species, the queen starts producing reproductive winged alates at a certain period of the year, and huge swarms emerge from the colony when nuptial flight begins.

A young termite nymph. Nymphs first moult into employees, but others may further moult to become soldiers or alates.

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Termites are often compared with the social Hymenoptera (ants and various species of bees and wasps), but their differing evolutionary origins result in significant differences in life cycle. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, the employees are exclusively female. Males (drones) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs, while females (both workers and the queen) are both diploid and develop from fertilised eggs.

Depending on species, both male and female employees may have different roles in a termite colony.63.

The life span of a termite begins with an egg, but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called incomplete metamorphosis, with egg, nymph and adult stages.64 Nymphs resemble small adults, and undergo a series of moults as they develop.

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The development of nymphs into adults can take months; the time period depends on food availability, temperature, and the general population of this colony. Since nymphs are unable to feed themselves, employees must feed thembut workers also take part in the social life of their colony and also have certain different activities to achieve like foraging, building or maintaining the nest anonymous or tending to the queen.5367 Pheromones govern the caste system in termite colonies, preventing all but a very few of the termites from becoming fertile queens.68.

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Queens of the eusocial termite Reticulitermes speratus are capable of a long lifespan without sacrificing fecundity. These long-lived queens have a significantly lower degree of oxidative damage, including oxidative DNA damage, than workers, soldiers and nymphs.69 The lower degrees of harm appear to be due to increased catalase, an enzyme that protects against oxidative stress.69.

Termite alates only leave the colony when a nuptial flight takes place. Alate males and females pair up together and then land in search of a suitable place for a colony.70 A termite king and queen do not mate until they find such a spot. When they dothey excavate a room large enough for both, shut up the entrance and move to partner.70 After mating, the set never go outside and spend the remainder of their lives in the nest.

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For example, alates in certain species emerge during the day in summer while others emerge during the winter.71 The nuptial flight might also begin at dusk, when the alates swarm around regions with lots of lights. The time when nuptial flight begins depends on the environmental conditions, the time of day, humidity, wind speed and precipitation.71 The number of termites in a colony also varies, with the bigger species typically having 1001,000 individuals.

The queen only lays 1020 eggs in the very early phases of the colony, but places as many as 1,000 per day when the colony is a few years old.53 At maturity, a main queen has a great capacity to lay eggs. In certain species, the mature queen has a greatly distended abdomen and may produce 40,000 eggs a day.72 Both adult ovaries may possess some 2,000 ovarioles each.73 The abdomen increases the queen's body length to several times greater than prior to mating and reduces her ability to move freely; attendant workers provide assistance.

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